考研英语（一）新题型小标题题的答题方式
作者：科大科院考研网 发表时间：2014-05-20 来源：科大科院考研网
（一） 小标题的解题思路
(1) 通读一遍短文，使自己对全文的内容有一个大致的了解。
(2) 针对每一段文字，读出每段主题或核心意思，并分清题目属于哪一类的题型，从而采取不同的方法做答。
(3) 答题完毕后，应参看下面的段落，有助于对答案进行检验。另外，有些段落的答案，在下面的几段文字中会原文重现。
(4) 注意答案的词性，可数名词的单、复数形式，动名词用法等。
（二） 小标题题的答题方式
1. 主题暗示题
（1） 分析主题句后归纳。
例1.
Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959. A president, elected to a fouryear term, is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be elected by Parliament, but by a 1991 constitutional amendment (修正案), the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliament is the lawmaking body with its 81 members popularly elected.
（Answer:About State System of Singapore）
在做这一题型时，要学会在文章及段落中找到中心句，即作者要表达的思想。这种题型在整个考试中出现的频率是很高的。
主题句出现的位置往往在段首或段尾。在第一句中，可以看到新加坡是按照1959年修正后的宪法来治国的。在后面的叙述中，前两句主语都是总统，而最后的一句的主语是议会。显然后面这几句是对主题句——第一句的详细说明。由此可以看出，小标题应该是新加坡的国家体制问题。
例2.
Certain phenomena have been observed which are believed to be the signs of imminent earthquakes. These include strange behaviours of some animals, the changes in the content of mineral water, etc. The magnetic properties of rocks may also display special pattern before major earthquakes happen.
（Answer: Indications of Possible Earthquakes）
本段的第一句即为主题句，讲的是人们观察到即将发生地震时一些可能出现的迹象，此后的内容讲的都是各种各样的预兆、迹象。因此可以判断该小标题是指可能发生地震时的种种“现象”“征兆”。
例3.
Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale.
（Answer:Role of Transport in Trade Development）
第一句话谈到了交通运输是对贸易发展的一大帮助，接下来的几句进一步补充说明了交通运输对贸易发展所起的作用，是对第一句主题句的详细说明，归纳起来本段小标题讲的是交通在贸易发展中起的作用。
（2） 理解段落主题句并用“原形复现”或“同(近)义替换法”。
例1. in Paris
Paris is the leading industrial center of France, with about one quarter of the nations manufacturing concentrated in the metropolitan areas. Industries of consumer goods have always been down to Paris by the enormous market of the big population, and modern, hightechnology industries also have become numerous since World War Ⅱ. Chief manufactures are machinery, automobiles, chemicals and electrical equipment.
（Answer:Industries）
该段主题句讲得是巴黎是法国的工业中心。“工业”一词以其复数形式“industries”出现了两次，其形容词形式“industrial”也出现了一次，可确定划线部分应为“工业”。
例2.
Womens rights are guarantees of political, social, and economic equality for women in a society that traditionally gives more power and freedom to men. Among these rights are control of property, equality of opportunity in education and employment, right of voting, and freedom of marriage. Today, complete political, economic, and social equality with men remains to be achieved.
(Answer:Rights of Women)
该段主题句讲的是在一个男子比女子传统上享有更多权利和自由的社会中，女性的权利是她们获得与男性政治、社会、经济平等的保障。
例3.
It is convenient to subdivide the study of anatomy in several different ways. One classification is based on the type of organisms studies, the major subdivisions being plant anatomy and animal anatomy. Animal anatomy is further subdivided into human anatomy and comparative anatomy, which seeks out similarities and differences among animal types. Anatomy can also be subdivided into biological processes, for example, developmental anatomy, the study of embryos, and pathological anatomy, the study of diseased organs.
（Answer: The Subdivision of Anatomy）
该段第一句即主题句，讲的是解剖学的细分，其中出现了关键词“subdivide”。后面是对主题句的扩展，说明了解剖学细分的内容：“major subdivision”“further subdivided”“can also be subdivided into”。而显而易见“细分”“分类”为答案。又因答案应为名词词性，所以用“原形复现”的方法可以得出答案。
（3） 理解主题句并从试题中“of”或“by”后面的信息推断。
例1. of Receiving Adult Education
This kind of education may be in the form of selfstudy with proper guidance through the use of libraries, correspondence courses, or broadcasting. It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges, study groups, workshops, clubs, and professional associations.
(Answer:Ways)
这一段的小标题为“接受成人教育……”。可参照 of介词后面的提示，从文章中寻找该小标题的核心词。该段共有两句话，作者用举例的方法提到了接受成人教育的不同途径与方法。第一句讲自学方式，包括函授课程、广播大学等。第二句讲集体学习方式。经过分析，就可以得到答案。这是一种借助介词of 后面短语的帮助，到文章主题句中去找答案的方法。
例2. of Womens Rights Movement
The Age of Enlightenment (启蒙运动时期) and the Industrial Revolution, which caused economic and social progress, provided a favorable climate for the rise of womens rights movement in the late 18th and the 19th century. In 1848 more than 100 persons held the first womens rights convention in New York and the feminists (女权主义者) demanded equal rights, including the vote.
(Answer:Start)
这一段的小标题为“妇女权利运动的……”。参照介词of后面的提示，再看原文。第一句即主题句主要讲的是引起经济、社会进步的启蒙运动和工业革命为18世纪末、19世纪初女权运动的兴起提供了一个有利的氛围。本段讲的是女权运动的“兴起”，本段第二句话里又出现了“first”即“第一次”的字样，令人联想到“开始”“开端”等词语。这样，含有start的答案就显而易见了。
例3. of Transportrelated Industries and Trade
By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, as, for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.
（Answer: Birth）
这一段的小标题为“与交通运输相关的工业和贸易的……”。第一句即主题句讲的是交通运输使得一些地区工业和贸易的发展成为可能。小标题中的 “工业”和“贸易”前出现了介词of，使人马上联想到主题句中of之前的词“establishment”与小标题of前要填的词有关。分析后得出该段是讲与交通运输相关的工业和贸易的“建立”“出现”，含有“birth”一词的选项是答案。
2. 细节归纳题
（1） 了解段落细节后用“原形重现”或“同(近)义替换法”。
例1. Check Your
Obviously there is little point in increasing your reading speed if you do not understand what you are reading. If you find you have lost the thread of the story, or you cannot remember clearly the details of what was said, reread the section or chapter.
(Answer: Comprehension)
这一类题型在考试中也经常出现。通过这部分的几个细节词汇如：understand，find，remember clearly the details 等，稍加分析，就可以得出“理解”这个主题。
例2. Choose the Appropriate
Before you argue with your boss, check with the bosss secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the bosss secretary, there are keys to timing: dont approach the boss when hes on deadline; dont go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; dont go in just before or after he has taken a vacation.
（Answer:Time）
在这一段的细节描述中可以看到 timing这个词。这的意思是“选择时机”，而这个词的名词形式恰恰就是我们要的答案。从本文可以看出，有些答案就藏在所给段落的细节描述中，有些需要变形，有些就用原词。
例3. of AIDS
Most people recently infected by the AIDS virus look and feel healthy. In some people the virus may remain inactive, and these people act as carriers, remaining apparently healthy but still able to infect others. After a few years, some people may develop AIDSrelated complex, or ARC. Its symptoms may include fever, fatigue, weight loss, skin rashes, a fungal infecton of the mouth known as thrush, lack of resistance to infection, and swollen lymph nodes.
（Answer: Symptoms）
本段第一句讲的是大部分刚感染艾滋病毒的人看上去健康，本人也不觉有异常；第二句讲有些人身上的病毒可能一直不发作，成为病毒携带者；第三句讲的是过一段日子后，一些人开始产生与艾滋病相关的并发症；最后一句详细陈述了艾滋病的种种症状，出现了概括这些细节的词“symptoms”，由此确定了本题的答案。
（2） 了解段落细节后，从试题中“and”前(或后)词义推断。
例1. and Climate
Lowlying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief (轮廓鲜明的) features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 m. The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.2 ℃. The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm; the wettest months are November through January.
(Answer: Land)
看了这段文字，就会发现该段没有主题句。但如果把细节归纳起来，就会发现前两句讲到新加坡岛的地势情况，接下来叙述的是该国的气候情况。根据小标题中and 后面给出的climate (气候) 一词可以推断出前面应该填 Land (地形)。
例2. Importance of and Training
Not all skills are inborn, however. Some people have invested in training and schooling to improve their knowledge and skills. When we go to school, we are investing in human capital that we expect to yield dividends, partly in the form of higher wages, later on. Human capital is also produced through onthejob training.
（Answer: Education）
这段文字似乎没有一句可以提取概括全段的中心句。小标题中and后面给出提示词“training”，第二句与training 并列中用“and”连接的是“schooling”，第三句中又出现了“When we go to school”，与最后一句中“onthejob training”遥相呼应，形成又一组并列。这样就可以轻而易举地确定小标题中“and”前应该是“教育”的名词，所以答案确定。
例3. Pronunciation and of Words
Pronunciation is settled by common agreement of the community or group speaking the particular language or dialect. For standard pronunciations of words, a dictionary is your best friend. The usage of words is somewhat the same as pronunciation. To be accurate in your use of words is very important in your conversation. Dictionaries usually provide the usage of words. So whenever you meet with new words, it is a good idea to look them up in the dictionary.
（Answer: Usage）
本段小标题中and之前出现的单词是“pronunciation”，那么就要找出本段与pronunciation并列的单词的另一个方面。阅读段落内容后，可知段落前二句涉及的是单词的读音“pronunciation”，而后四句涉及到的是单词的“usage”即用法。更重要的是文中第三句明确地把“usage”与“pronunciation”并列起来，因此确定为答案。
3. 重要信息暗示题
这类题是指选取段落中多次出现的同义词的原形或同义异性、同义异形词即可解出答案的题目。
例1. of Adult Education
The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1798, with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics institute in Glasgow. The earliest adult education institution in the United States was founded by Benjamin Franklin and some friends in Philadelphia in 1740.
（Answer: Early Days）
本段中介绍了早期的有组织的成人教育计划。文中出现了两次earliest一词，但都是指最早出现的某所学校。
例2. in the U.S. Airlines
During the 1970s the number of domestic passengers on U.S. airlines increased about 78%, and during the 1980s the figure was up about 58%. In 1990 there were 41.8 million international passengers; the figure was a 75% increase over 1980. The total cargo flown by U.S. airlines almost doubled during the 1980s, from 5.7 billion to 10.6 billion tonmiles in 1990.
(Answer: Rapid Growth)
本段主要陈述美国航空客运量和货运吨位的增长情况。全段并没有中心主题句，但每一句都出现了“增长”的字样：第一句里有“increased”和“was up”，第二句又出现“a...increase over”，第三句出现“doubled”(翻倍)的字样，这些都提示我们在小标题上要有的名词是增长，即“Growth”。
例3. Earthquake
Every year earthquakes are responsible for a large number of deaths and a vast amount of destruction in various parts of the world. Most of these damaging earthquakes occur either in a narrow belt which surrounds the Pacific Ocean or in a line which extends from Burma to the Alps in Europe. Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself. An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of the quake itself. Other damage results from major fires which are initiated by the quake.
（Answer: Destruction）
